Tag: baking guide

Step-by-step baking guides that explain techniques, timing, and tips to help you bake with confidence.

  • 🍪Common Mini Cookie Mistakes (And How to Fix Them)

    🍪Common Mini Cookie Mistakes (And How to Fix Them)

    Mini cookies are adorable, fast-baking, and incredibly satisfying — but they’re also less forgiving than full-size cookies. A mistake that barely matters in a regular cookie can completely change the texture of a mini one. These mini cookie mistakes are easy to make, but even easier to fix once you know what to watch for.

    If your mini cookies have ever spread too much, baked too fast, or turned out dry, you’re not alone. These are the most common mini cookie mistakes — and exactly how to fix each one.

    common Mini cookie mistakes on a baking sheet showing uneven sizes and baking results

    New to Baking?

    This guide to baking perfect mini cookies walks through the techniques that help avoid the most common mistakes.

    The 10 Most Common Mini Cookie Mistakes

    Most mini cookie mistakes come down to size, timing, and temperature.

    • Making Them Too Big
    • Overbaking
    • Baking at the Wrong Temperature
    • Skipping Dough Chilling
    • Crowding the Baking Sheet
    • Using the Wrong Baking Surface
    • Not Letting Cookies Cool Properly
    • Expecting Minis to Behave Like Full-Size Cookies
    • Inconsistent Dough Mixing
    • Not Adjusting for Dietary Doughs

    Small batch baking makes it easier to spot and correct these mistakes before they ruin a full batch.


    Mistake #1: Making Them Too Big

    What Happens

    Oversized “mini” cookies spread too much, bake unevenly, and lose their soft centers.

    Mini cookie dough scoops of different sizes on a baking sheet

    1 tsp Extra Mini Cookie Scoop

    • The non-slip rubber handle makes it easy to grasp.
    • Just a simple squeeze makes the cookie scoop release the dough easily and neatly

    Using the right tools makes portioning and baking mini cookies much more consistent.

    🍪 Size Matters More Than You Think

    Mini cookies need consistent, small portions to bake evenly and stay soft.

    How to Fix It

    • Use a teaspoon or small cookie scoop
    • Aim for 1–1½ teaspoons of dough per cookie
    • Keep dough portions consistent

    Mini cookies rely on size control more than any other factor.


    Mistake #2: — One of the Most Common Mini Cookie Mistakes

    Comparison of overbaked and properly baked mini cookies showing texture differences

    What Happens

    Mini cookies go from soft to dry in minutes — sometimes seconds.

    ⏱️ Key Takeaway: Overbaking Happens Fast

    Mini cookies can go from perfect to dry in minutes — start checking early.

    🔥 Trust Visual Doneness, Not the Timer

    Look for set edges and soft centers. The oven clock isn’t enough for minis.

    How to Fix It

    • Start checking cookies 2–3 minutes earlier than recipes suggest
    • Look for set edges and soft centers
    • Remember cookies continue baking on the hot pan

    Visual cues are more reliable than bake time when it comes to knowing when mini cookies are done.

    When in doubt, pull them early.

    Avoid Mistakes When Possible

    Many of these mini cookie mistakes can be avoided by using the right baking tools.


    Mistake #3: Baking at the Wrong Temperature

    What Happens

    Too hot: cookies spread and brown too fast
    Too cool: cookies dry out before setting

    Pay Attention to Your Oven Temp & Time

    Oven temperature and bake time play a huge role in mini cookie results, especially since they bake so quickly.

    How to Fix It

    • Bake most mini cookies at 350°F (175°C)
    • Use an oven thermometer if possible
    • Avoid baking multiple trays at once early on

    🌡️ Oven Accuracy Is Critical

    Even small temperature differences can ruin mini cookies — use an oven thermometer if possible.

    Consistent heat matters more with small cookies. Butter temperature and dough warmth play a major role in how cookies spread during baking.


    Mistake #4: Skipping Dough Chilling

    What Happens

    Warm dough spreads too quickly, especially in mini form.

    ❄️ Chilling Dough Is Not Optional

    Chilled dough helps mini cookies hold their shape and bake evenly.

    How to Fix It

    • Chill dough 20–30 minutes minimum
    • Chill scooped dough for even better control
    • Especially important for butter-heavy or gluten-free doughs

    Chilling gives mini cookies structure before baking.


    Mistake #5: Crowding the Baking Sheet

    Mini cookies baked too close together on a crowded baking sheet

    What Happens

    Cookies bake unevenly and steam instead of setting.

    🍽️ Give Cookies Space

    Crowded baking sheets lead to uneven baking and poor texture.

    How to Fix It

    • Leave 1½–2 inches between cookies
    • Bake fewer cookies per tray
    • Rotate the pan halfway through if needed

    Mini cookies still need breathing room.


    Mistake #6: Using the Wrong Baking Surface

    Mini cookies baked on dark pan versus light pan showing different browning

    What Happens

    Cookies burn on the bottom or bake unevenly.

    🧈 Baking Surfaces Matter

    Light-colored pans with parchment or silicone mats work best for mini cookies.

    How to Fix It

    • Use light-colored metal baking sheets
    • Line with parchment paper or a silicone mat
    • Avoid dark or insulated pans for minis

    Surface choice has a bigger impact on small cookies.

    Different baking surfaces affect browning and heat transfer in cookies.


    Mistake #7: Not Letting Cookies Cool Properly

    Mini cookies cooling on a wire rack after baking

    What Happens

    Cookies seem underbaked or crumbly when they’re actually still setting.

    🕒 Cooling Is Part of Baking

    Mini cookies often finish setting as they cool. Don’t judge texture too soon.

    How to Fix It

    • Let cookies rest 5 minutes on the pan
    • Transfer to a rack to cool completely
    • Judge texture after cooling, not immediately

    Mini cookies often firm up as they cool.


    Mistake #8: Expecting Minis to Behave Like Full-Size Cookies

    What Happens

    Recipes adapted directly from large cookies don’t always work.

    🧠 Minis Play by Different Rules

    Mini cookies aren’t just smaller cookies — they require different timing and attention.

    How to Fix It

    • Reduce bake time significantly
    • Watch doneness cues instead of the clock
    • Adjust expectations — minis are their own thing

    Mini cookies follow different rules.

    Mini cookies pair perfectly with small batch baking, which makes testing and adjustments easier.

    Remember to Account for Mistakes When Pricing

    Underpricing often happens when bakers underestimate how much effort mini desserts really take.


    Mistake #9: Inconsistent Dough Mixing

    What Happens

    Some cookies bake perfectly while others spread or dry out.

    How to Fix It

    • Mix dough just until combined
    • Scrape the bowl thoroughly
    • Scoop dough from evenly mixed areas

    Consistency starts before the oven.

    5 Pieces Silicone Spatula Set

    Useful set of mini spatulas for mixing, folding, and scraping small batches.


    Mistake #10: Not Adjusting for Dietary Doughs

    What Happens

    Gluten-free or vegan mini cookies dry out faster.

    New to Gluten-free?

    Gluten-free doughs are especially sensitive to these mini cookie mistakes and benefit from shorter bake times.

    How to Fix It

    • Reduce bake time even further
    • Add moisture-supporting ingredients
    • Chill dough longer
    • Pull cookies earlier than traditional dough

    Mini + dietary baking requires extra care.

    These same mini cookie principles also apply to vegan doughs, which can dry out quickly if overbaked.


    The One Rule That Fixes Most Mini Cookie Problems

    If there’s one takeaway, it’s this:

    Mini cookies should look slightly underbaked when you remove them from the oven.

    That single adjustment fixes:

    • Dry cookies
    • Crumbly texture
    • Overbrowning
    • Loss of chew
    Mini cookie baking rules infographic showing portion size, spacing, baking surfaces, and cooling tips

    Bake Smaller, Bake Smarter

    🎯 One Rule to Remember

    If mini cookies look perfect in the oven, they’re probably overbaked. Pull them slightly early.

    Mini cookies aren’t harder — they’re just more precise. Once you understand how size affects baking time, temperature, and texture, mini cookies become incredibly reliable.

    Avoiding these mini cookie mistakes makes baking smaller cookies faster, easier, and more reliable.

    Fix these common mistakes, and your mini cookies will bake faster, softer, and more consistently every time.

    Cookie Tools I Use

  • 🍪 How to Tell When Mini Cookies Are Done

    🍪 How to Tell When Mini Cookies Are Done

    Mini cookies bake fast — sometimes faster than you expect. Because they’re smaller than regular cookies, they can go from perfectly soft to overbaked in a matter of minutes. How to tell when mini cookies are done can be tricky, especially because they bake much faster than full-size cookies.

    If you’ve ever wondered whether your mini cookies are underbaked or already overdone, this guide will show you exactly what to look for. Knowing how to tell when mini cookies are done helps prevent overbaking and keeps cookies soft and chewy. You’ll learn the visual cues, texture signs, and timing tips that help you pull mini cookies from the oven at just the right moment.

    Don’t Pull Mini Cookies Too Late!

    Many doneness issues come from simple mini cookie mistakes, especially pulling cookies too late.

    Mini cookies bake differently than full-size cookies, which is why understanding the basics of dough size, temperature, and timing matters. If you’re new to mini baking, start with our ultimate guide to baking perfect mini cookies for a complete overview.

    how to tell when mini cookies are done - Mini chocolate chip cookies on a clean kitchen counter showing soft centers and lightly golden edges

    ➡️Oven temperature plays a big role in how quickly mini cookies bake. An inexpensive oven thermometer helps ensure your oven is actually at the temperature you set.

    🔍 Why Mini Cookies Are Tricky to Judge

    Mini cookies don’t follow the same doneness rules as full-size cookies. This is especially important when baking mini gluten-free cookies, which can dry out quickly if baked too long.

    Watch for Visual Doneness

    Baking in smaller batches makes it easier to watch doneness cues instead of relying only on bake time.

    How to tell when mini cookies are done can be tricky because they:

    • Spread less
    • Bake faster
    • Brown more quickly on the bottom

    They often look underbaked when they’re actually done.

    Why It Matters

    Mini cookies continue to set as they cool. Removing them at the right time keeps the centers soft and chewy instead of dry.

    How to Tell When Mini Cookies Are Done

    👀 Visual Signs Mini Cookies Are Done

    Learning how to tell when mini cookies are done comes down to watching the edges, center color, and overall texture.

    Three mini chocolate chip cookies on a baking sheet showing underdone, perfectly baked, and overbaked stages

    The image above shows how to tell when mini cookies are done by comparing underbaked, perfectly baked, and overbaked cookies.

    ➡️A simple digital kitchen timer makes it easier to check mini cookies early and avoid overbaking, especially since they bake so quickly.

    Instead of relying on baking time alone, use these visual cues:

    ✅ Look for Set Edges

    The edges should:

    • Look firm
    • Hold their shape
    • Be lightly golden

    ✅ Soft, Pale Centers

    Single mini chocolate chip cookie with golden edges and a soft, slightly pale center on parchment paper

    The centers should:

    • Still look slightly pale
    • Appear soft, not shiny or wet

    ❌ Avoid Fully Brown Tops

    If the tops look fully browned, mini cookies are usually overbaked.

    Quick Tip

    Mini cookies should look slightly underbaked when you remove them from the oven. They’ll finish baking as they cool on the pan.

    Serious Eats has explored how visual cues like edge set, center softness, and carryover baking help determine when baked goods are properly done.

    ⏱️ How Baking Time Affects Doneness

    Oven thermometer showing accurate baking temperature inside an oven

    Most mini cookies bake in 8–10 minutes, but doneness depends on:

    • Dough size
    • Oven temperature
    • Whether the dough was chilled

    Pan Color Affects Doness, Too

    Tools like light-colored pans and oven thermometers make it easier to judge when mini cookies are done.

    If you’re unsure, it’s better to:

    • Check early
    • Bake one test cookie
    • Adjust timing from there

    Baking time plays a huge role in doneness, especially with smaller cookies. For more details, see our guide to oven temperature and baking time for mini cookies to help avoid overbaking.

    ➡️Using light-colored baking sheets helps mini cookies bake more evenly and prevents the bottoms from browning too fast.

    According to the USDA, oven temperature accuracy plays a key role in proper baking and food safety, which is especially important when baking small items like cookies.

    🖐️ The Gentle Touch Test (Optional)

    If you’re comfortable checking by touch:

    • Lightly tap the edge of a cookie
    • It should feel set, not doughy
    • The center should feel soft but not liquid

    This works best once you’ve baked a few batches and know what to expect.

    Common Mistake

    Waiting until mini cookies look fully baked often leads to dry results. Visual cues matter more than color alone.

    King Arthur Baking explains in their cookie science guide how factors like size, temperature, and dough hydration affect cookie spread and doneness.

    🍪 What Happens If Mini Cookies Are Underbaked?

    Slightly underbaked mini cookies will:

    • Firm up as they cool
    • Stay soft in the center
    • Have a chewy texture

    Truly underbaked cookies will look wet or collapse — those need another minute in the oven.

    🍫 What Happens If Mini Cookies Are Overbaked?

    Overbaked mini cookies:

    • Lose moisture quickly
    • Become crunchy or dry
    • Brown heavily on the bottom

    Unfortunately, there’s no fix for overbaking — which is why pulling cookies early matters.

    If mini cookies are browning too fast on the bottom, try lowering the oven rack or using a lighter baking sheet.

    Mini Cookie Doneness Checklist

    • Edges are set and lightly golden
    • Centers look soft and slightly pale
    • Cookies hold shape when nudged
    • Bottoms are lightly browned, not dark

    🧁 Practice Makes It Easier

    The more you bake mini cookies, the easier it becomes to spot doneness. Start by watching:

    • The edges
    • The center color
    • How cookies look one minute before they’re done

    Over time, you’ll know exactly when to pull them.

    🍪 Ready to Practice?

    If you want to put these tips into action, start with a reliable recipe.

    Freshly baked mini chocolate chip cookies cooling on a wire rack with baking ingredients on a kitchen counter
    Mini cookies should look slightly underbaked in the center when removed from the oven.

    Ready to practice these doneness cues? Try our Mini Chocolate Chip Cookies (Soft & Bakery-Style) to see exactly how mini cookies should look when they’re done.

    Tools that make baking mini cookies easier:

    ❓ Mini Cookie Doneness FAQs

    Can mini cookies be slightly underbaked?

    Yes. Mini cookies are best removed from the oven when the edges are set but the centers still look soft and pale. They continue to firm up as they cool, which helps keep them chewy.


    Do mini cookies harden as they cool?

    Mini cookies will set slightly as they cool, but they shouldn’t become hard. If cookies turn crunchy after cooling, they were likely baked too long.


    Why do my mini cookies look done but taste dry?

    Mini cookies can overbake quickly because of their size. Even if they look fully baked, leaving them in the oven too long can dry them out. Checking cookies early and relying on visual cues helps prevent this.


    Should I rely on baking time or visual cues?

    Visual cues are more reliable than time alone. Oven temperatures vary, so watching the edges and centers of mini cookies gives better results than following a timer exactly.

    Once you understand how to tell when mini cookies are done, baking mini desserts becomes much more consistent and stress-free.

    Ready to put these doneness tips into practice? Try our mini chocolate chip cookies (soft & bakery-style) — they’re perfect for learning how mini cookies should look when they’re done.

    Tools I Use for Baking Mini Cookies

    You don’t need special equipment, but these tools help:

    These are the tools I reach for every time I bake mini cookies. You don’t need anything fancy — just a few reliable basics that make the process easier and the results better.

    This guide simplifies how to tell when mini cookies are done using clear visual cues instead of guesswork.

  • The Ultimate Guide to Baking Perfect Mini Cookies

    The Ultimate Guide to Baking Perfect Mini Cookies

    Mini cookies may be small, but they come with their own set of baking challenges. From spreading too much to overbaking in seconds, getting perfect mini cookies requires a slightly different approach than regular-sized cookies.

    The good news? Once you understand a few key techniques, mini cookies become one of the most fun — and foolproof — desserts to bake.

    Quick Tip

    This guide will walk you through everything you need to know to bake soft, evenly sized, bakery-style mini cookies every time.

    If you’re ready to put these techniques into action, start with our Mini Chocolate Chip Cookies (Soft & Bakery-Style) — they’re soft, chewy, and perfect for small batch baking.

    Why Mini Cookies Are So Popular Right Now

    Why mini cookies are popular, showing bite-sized cookies with icons for portion control, sharing, fast baking, and affordability

    Mini cookies aren’t just cute — they’re practical.

    • Perfect portion control
    • Faster baking time
    • Ideal for parties, gifting, and dessert boards
    • Easier to offer variety without leftovers

    Why It Matters

    Because mini cookies bake faster, small changes in dough size, oven temperature, or chill time can have a bigger impact on texture and doneness than with full-size cookies.

    They’re also incredibly shareable, which makes them perfect for Pinterest, Instagram, and events.

    Cookies Not Turning Out as Expected?

    If your mini cookies aren’t turning out as expected, these common mini cookie mistakes explain what usually goes wrong and how to fix it.

    What Makes Mini Cookies Different From Regular Cookies

    Baking mini cookies isn’t just about making smaller dough balls. Because of their size, mini cookies:

    • Bake much faster
    • Spread more easily
    • Dry out quicker if overbaked

    That means timing, dough temperature, and portioning matter more than ever. Many of these techniques work even better when baking smaller portions, which is why small batch baking helps improve consistency.

    baking tips and best doughs shown with assorted soft and chewy mini cookies

    To make prep even easier, check out our Best Tools for Baking Mini Cookies — you don’t need much, but the right basics help.

    The Best Dough for Mini Cookies

    Not all cookie doughs are mini-cookie friendly.

    Best dough types

    • Chocolate chip cookie dough
    • Sugar cookie dough
    • Shortbread
    • Peanut butter cookies

    These doughs hold their shape well and don’t rely heavily on thick centers.

    Doughs to be careful with

    • Very soft doughs
    • High-butter doughs
    • Doughs with lots of mix-ins

    If your dough feels sticky or loose, chilling it is essential (more on that below).

    How Big Should Mini Cookies Be?

    Mini cookies shown next to a measuring tape illustrating 1 inch to 1.5 inch cookie size for baking

    Consistency is key.

    Ideal size:

    • About 1–1½ teaspoons of dough
    • Roughly 10–15 grams per cookie

    The Right Stuff – Oh, Oh, Oh-oh, Oh.

    Using the right tools makes it much easier to bake mini cookies consistently, especially when it comes to size and bake time.

    1 tsp Extra Mini Cookie Scoop

    • The non-slip rubber handle makes it easy to grasp.
    • Just a simple squeeze makes the cookie scoop release the dough easily and neatly

    Using a small cookie scoop ensures:

    • Even baking
    • Uniform appearance
    • Professional results

    Tip: If you don’t have a scoop, use measuring spoons for consistency.

    Professionals Use Premium Pricing

    Consistently baking high-quality mini desserts makes it easier to justify premium pricing.

    Should You Chill the Dough? (Yes!)

    Why chilling mini cookie dough helps, showing dough in a covered bowl with benefits like better flavor, less spread, and improved texture

    Chilling is one of the most important steps for perfect cookies.

    Why chilling helps

    • Prevents excessive spreading
    • Improves flavor
    • Creates thicker, softer cookies

    Recommended chill time:

    • 20–30 minutes minimum
    • Up to 24 hours for best flavor

    If your dough is already firm, you may be able to bake right away — but chilling is almost always worth it.

    Oven Temperature & Baking Time

    Oven temperature and baking time for mini cookies, showing 350°F oven setting and cookies baking on a sheet

    Bite-sized cookies bake fast — sometimes very fast.

    For exact oven temperatures and how they affect small cookies, see our Oven Temperature & Baking Time for Mini Cookies guide.

    Best temperature

    • 350°F (175°C) for most recipes

    Typical bake time

    • 6–9 minutes, depending on size and dough

    Tiny cookies. Big baking mistakes — unless you have the right guide.

    This printable Mini Cookie Baking Cheat Sheet shows you exactly when mini cookies are done, how long to bake them, and how to fix common issues.

    Tape it inside a cabinet. Save it forever. Bake with confidence.

    How to know they’re done

    Quick Tip

    Bite-sized cookies often look underbaked when they’re actually done. Remove them from the oven when the edges are set and the centers are still pale — they’ll finish setting as they cool.

    According to USDA cooking and food safety basics, using correct oven temperatures and food handling practices helps ensure safe and consistent baking results.

    How to tell when mini cookies are done, showing golden edges, pale centers, and lightly golden bottoms
    • Edges are just set
    • Centers still look slightly soft
    • Bottoms are lightly golden
    Underdone versus overdone mini cookies shown side by side, comparing pale doughy cookies with dark dry cookies

    Want to bake ahead? Learn how to freeze cookie dough in our Can You Freeze Mini Cookie Dough? (Yes — and You Should) section.

    Can You Freeze the Dough? (Yes — and You Should)

    Freezing cookie dough is one of the easiest ways to make mini cookies even more convenient. Because mini cookies bake so quickly, having pre-portioned dough in the freezer means fresh cookies anytime — without mixing a full batch.

    Why Freezing Cookie Dough Works So Well

    • Prevents dough from spreading too much
    • Improves flavor as the dough rests
    • Makes small-batch baking fast and easy
    • Perfect for parties, gifting, and last-minute treats

    How to Freeze Cookie Dough

    How to freeze mini cookie dough, showing portioned dough, freezing on a baking sheet, and storing in a freezer bag

    1. Portion the Dough First

    Scoop dough into 1 teaspoon portions and place them on a parchment-lined baking sheet. Don’t let the dough balls touch.

    2. Freeze Until Solid

    Freeze the dough balls for 1–2 hours, or until completely firm.

    3. Store Properly

    Transfer frozen dough balls to an airtight container or freezer bag. Label with the dough type and date.

    Rubbermaid Brilliance Large Food Storage Container

    • The Brilliance Food Storage Container from Rubbermaid is a convenient way to store
    • Stackable for optimal fridge or freezer organization

    Frozen cookie dough keeps for up to 2 months.

    If your cookies are acting up, look at our Common Mini Cookie Mistakes (And How to Fix Them) to troubleshoot common issues.

    How to Bake Cookies From Frozen Dough

    You can bake the bite-sized cookies straight from the freezer — no thawing needed.

    • Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C)
    • Place frozen dough balls on a lined baking sheet
    • Add 1–2 extra minutes to the normal bake time
    • Bake until edges are set and centers look slightly soft

    This method helps mini cookies hold their shape and stay soft inside.

    Tips for the Best Frozen Cookies

    • Freeze dough after mixing in add-ins
    • Avoid overloading dough with mix-ins
    • Always freeze in single layers before storing
    • Bake only what you need

    When Freezing Dough Is Better Than Freezing Baked Cookies

    Freezing dough is ideal when:

    • You want fresh cookies on demand
    • You’re baking for multiple events
    • You want the softest texture possible

    Need Gluten-free?

    If you’re baking with dietary restrictions, mini gluten-free cookies benefit even more from these same sizing and timing techniques.

    Freezing baked cookies works too — but freezing dough gives you the best results for mini cookies.

    Spacing the Cookies on the Baking Sheet

    Mini cookies still spread!

    • Leave 1½–2 inches between cookies
    • Use parchment paper or a silicone baking mat
    • Bake one tray at a time for even heat

    Crowding the pan leads to uneven shapes and textures.

    How to Keep Mini Cookies Soft

    Because of their size, mini cookies can dry out faster than regular cookies.

    Tips for soft mini cookies

    • Slightly underbake them
    • Use brown sugar in your dough
    • Store with a slice of bread (it works!)
    • Cool completely before storing

    Common Mistakes (And How to Fix Them)

    Common mini cookie baking mistakes and how to fix them, shown with dough, cookies, and baking tips

    Cookies spreading too much

    • Chill the dough longer
    • Reduce butter slightly
    • Check oven temperature

    Common Mistake

    Baking mini cookies for the same amount of time as full-size cookies often leads to dry, overbaked results. Mini cookies need less time and closer monitoring.

    Cookies overbaking

    • Start checking at 6 minutes
    • Remove when centers look soft

    Uneven sizes

    • Use a cookie scoop or measuring spoon

    Best Tools for Baking Mini Cookies

    Best tools for baking mini cookies, including measuring cups, cookie scoop, baking sheet, kitchen scale, and cooling rack

    You don’t need special equipment, but these tools help:

    These are the tools I reach for every time I bake mini cookies. You don’t need anything fancy — just a few reliable basics that make the process easier and the results better.

    Final Thoughts: Mini Cookies Are Worth It

    Mini cookies may require a little extra attention, but once you master them, they become one of the most versatile desserts you can bake.

    They’re perfect for:

    • Parties
    • Dessert boards
    • Gift boxes
    • Portion-controlled treats

    Once you get the hang of baking mini cookies, you’ll never want to go back.

    Up Next

    👉 Mini Chocolate Chip Cookies (Soft & Bakery-Style) — a perfect recipe to put these tips into action.